THERMO DYNAMICS

                THERMO DYNAMICS

brief summary

Thermodynamics is that the field of physics that deals with the connection between heat and other properties (such as pressure, density, temperature, etc.) during a substance. Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is said to varied energy changes within a physical system undergoing a thermodynamic process. Such processes usually end in work being done by the system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics. Basic Concepts of warmth Transfer Broadly speaking, the warmth of a cloth is known as a representation of the energy contained within the particles of that material. this is often referred to as the kinetic theory of gases of gases, though the concept applies in varying degrees to solids and liquids also . the warmth from the motion of those particles can transfer into nearby particles, and thus into other parts of the fabric or other materials, through a spread of means: Thermal Contact is when two substances can affect each other's temperature. Thermal Equilibrium is when two substances in thermal contact not transfer heat. Thermal Expansion takes place when a substance expands in volume because it gains heat. Thermal contraction also exists. Conduction is when heat flows through a heated solid. Convection is when heated particles transfer heat to a different substance, like cooking something in boiling water. Radiation is when heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, like from the sun. Insulation is when a low-conducting material is employed to stop heat transfer. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there's some kind of energetic change within the system, generally related to changes in pressure, volume, internal energy (i.e. temperature), or any kind of heat transfer. There are several specific sorts of thermodynamic processes that have special properties: Adiabatic process - a process with no heat transfer into or out of the system. Isochoric process - a process with no change in volume, during which case the system does no work. Isobaric process - a process with no change in pressure. Isothermal process - a process with no change in temperature. States of Matter A state of matter may be a description of the sort of body that a cloth substance manifests, with properties that describe how the fabric holds together (or doesn't). There are five states of matter, though only the primary three of them are usually included within the way we expect about states of matter: gas liquid solid plasma superfluid (such as a Bose-Einstein Condensate) Many substances can transition between the gas, liquid, and solid phases of matter, while only a couple of rare substances are known to be ready to enter a superfluid state. Plasma may be a distinct state of matter, like lightning condensation - gas to liquid freezing - liquid to solid melting - solid to liquid sublimation - solid to gas vaporization - liquid or solid to gas Heat Capacity The heat capacity, C, of an object is that the ratio of change in heat (energy change, ΔQ, where the Greek symbol Delta, Δ, denotes a change within the quantity) to vary in temperature (ΔT). C = Δ Q / Δ T The heat capacity of a substance indicates the convenience with which a substance heats up. an honest thermal conductor would have a coffee heat capacity, indicating that alittle amount of energy causes an outsized natural process . an honest thermal insulator would have an outsized heat capacity, indicating that much energy transfer is required for a natural process . Ideal Gas Equations There are various perfect gas equations which relate temperature (T1), pressure (P1), and volume (V1). These values after a thermodynamic change are indicated by (T2), (P2), and (V2). For a given amount of a substance, n (measured in moles), the subsequent relationships hold: Boyle's Law ( T is constant): P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 Charles/Gay-Lussac Law (P is constant): V1/T1 = V2/T2 Ideal Gas Law: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 = nR R is that the perfect gas constant, R = 8.3145 J/mol*K. For a given amount of matter, therefore, nR is constant, which provides the perfect Gas Law. Laws of Thermodynamics Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics - Two systems each in equilibrium with a 3rd system are in equilibrium to every other. First Law of Thermodynamics - The change within the energy of a system is that the amount of energy added to the system minus the energy spent doing work. Second Law of Thermodynamics - it's impossible for a process to possess as its sole result the transfer of warmth from a cooler body to a warmer one. Third Law of Thermodynamics - it's impossible to scale back any system to temperature during a finite series of operations. this suggests that a wonderfully efficient engine can't be created.